6.6.3.3  Partition

(The latest version of this page is at Pattern Descriptions.  An archived copy of this page is held at https://www.patternsofpower.org/edition02/6633.htm)

Secession, leading to a complete partition, has to be considered if there is no possibility of peaceful coexistence.   It is tempting to try to create homogeneous Nation-States but there are strong reasons for rejecting such a solution:

·      It is very difficult to avoid violence during the process of partition, particularly if there is disagreement over where to place the border; for example it is estimated that over a million people died during the partition of India in 1948.[1]

·      Population distribution is €˜marbled€™, so it is rarely possible for a process of partition to form self-contained countries with viable borders; the distribution of Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank illustrates this impediment to a 'two-State solution' for Israel and Palestine.[2]

·      There is a temptation to use ethnic cleansing in order to get clear boundaries during the process of partition.  As was vividly illustrated by the Srebrenitsa massacre,[3] this can be very violent. 

·      Even if ethnic cleansing were possible without using force, the requirement to move to what has become another country would destroy people€™s livelihoods and relationships. 

·      In practice, separations are rarely complete and a partition then doesn€™t result in two homogeneous countries.  India, for example, still contains more Muslims than does Pakistan.  If repeated attempts are made to solve the problems of pluralism by separation, the problems repeat themselves and the outcome would be fragments which would be too small to be viable; this would look very similar to tribalism (6.6.3.1).

·      National €˜purity€™ is unachievable.  People are now irretrievably diverse.  People marry across ethnic divisions and produce children of mixed ethnicity, so there are now many millions of people for whom there would be no 'pure' ethnic homeland in a world of Nation-States.[4]  In the case of Britain, with its mixture of Celts, Picts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings,[5] Normans and the many immigrants from the different parts of its Victorian empire, the very idea of a 'pure' nation is absurd.  A similar argument holds true in America and, to some degree, in most countries.

·      The desire for separation is indicative of intolerance among political leaders, which augurs badly for the treatment of residual minorities after separation.  As one commentator noted, €œOne would be hard-pressed to construe the Spanish government as tyrannical and oppressive, yet ETA [a Basque Separatist organisation] still bombs away€�.[6]  In this example there is already considerable autonomy and there is a lot of evidence that most of the population doesn't wish for separation.[7]  The fact that ETA ignores the wishes of the majority is a strong indication that it would not govern well if it had more power.

·      There would be economic issues (3.4.5) and legal issues (5.3.2) to be resolved in a partition. 

All these reasons make partition an undesirable choice that is unlikely to provide a peaceful solution.  If pluralism is accepted and properly implemented, there is little real need for separation €“ all it achieves is to increase the political power of the separatist leaders without benefiting the population concerned. 

Despite the strong arguments against partition, it is unlikely that separatist pressures can always be resisted so it would be advantageous to agree international rules for secession.  Having a mechanism available (for example a referendum) would ensure that, once exercised, if the secessionists failed to get a majority they would then be clearly seen to have no legitimate right to secede.  By offering a referendum the parent state would be conceding the potential for secession, in exchange for depriving the secessionists of legitimacy if they do not win it.  The Canadians have successfully exercised this strategy with regard to Québec, and Britain is likely to follow the same pattern with regard to Scottish independence; there are many other places in the world where it could be used to advantage. 

© PatternsofPower.org, 2014